Consumo alimentar, seus fatores explicativos e a associação com a obesidade abdominal em população de etnia negra de Salvador

Abstract

Objetivo: Descrever o padrão alimentar de adultos de etnia negra segundo o perfil demográfico, socio-econômico, nutricional, atividade física e de saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 2.305 indivíduos com idade ≥20 anos, residentes em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Foram realizadas entrevistas contendo perguntas de caráter sóciodemográfico, de saúde, e inquérito sobre o consumo alimentar habitual (repetido em 4 dias da semana) cujas respostas foram registradas em questionários específicos. Características gerais do perfil do consumo alimentar foram descritas e os padrões alimentares foram identificados, empregando-se análise fatorial (AF) por componentes principais. Calculou-se ainda o tercil dos padrões, obtendo-se a sua distribuição percentual segundo as variáveis estudadas. Resultados: Dos 2.305 indivíduos estudados, 39,1% eram homens; 53,6% eram de nível socioeconômico médio; 23,0% eram fisicamente ativos; 53,0% tinham obesidade abdominal; 32,1% eram hipertensos e 5,7% diabéticos. Os maiores percentuais de consumo foram para cereais refinados, carnes gordas, doces, café e feijão. A frequência de mais de três refeições/dia foi referida por 48,0% dos indivíduos. Quanto aos padrões de consumo alimentar foram identificados quatro: no 1º houve predomínio dos itens alimentares: feijão, arroz, farinha; carnes gordas e ovo frito. O 2º padrão foi integrado por cereais refinados, manteiga e/ou margarina, leite e derivados integrais; no 3º houve predomínio de frutas, legumes e verduras, e o 4º com predomínio de carnes gordas e ovos fritos e fast foods. Conclusões: Identificaram-se quatro padrões alimentares, os quais se distribuíram diferenciadamente entre os indivíduos investigados segundo as características demográficas, socio-econômicas e de saúde.

Objective: To describe the dietary pattern among adults of negro ethnicity according to demographic, socioeconomic, nutritional, physical activity, and health characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study of a probabilistic sample from 2,305 individuals with age ≥20 years, residing in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Interviews were conducted containing questions about sociodemographic and health characteristics and a survey of usual dietary consumption (repeated in 4 days of the week), with answers being recorded in specific questionnaires. General characteristics of dietary consumption profile were described and dietary patterns were identified, using factor analysis (FA) for the main components. Pattern tertiles were also calculated, obtaining their percentage distribution according to the variables under study. Results: Of 2,305 individuals studied, 39.1% were males; 53.6% were of middle socioeconomic status; 23.0% were physically active; 53.0% had abdominal obesity; 32.1% were hypertensive; and 5.7% were diabetic. The greatest percentages of consumption were for refined cereals, fatty meats, sweets, coffee and beans. A frequency of more than three meals/day was reported by 48.0% of individuals. As to the patterns of dietary consumption, four types were identified. In pattern 1, there was a predominance of the following food items: beans, rice, flour, fatty meats, and fried eggs. Pattern 2 was composed of refined cereals, butter and/or margarine, milk and integral dairy products; in pattern 3, fruits, legumes and vegetables predominated; and in pattern 4 there was a predominance of fatty meats and fried eggs and fast foods. Conclusions: Four dietary patterns were identified, and these were diversely distributed among individuals surveyed according to demographic, socioeconomic and health characteristics.