Agricultura urbana e plantas alimentícias não convencionais em Salvador/Ba: disponibilidade e potencial para a promoção da segurança alimentar e nutricional

Abstract

With a growing offer of industrialized products, the consumption of vegetables has decreased and a low use of Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) has also been observed, the latter of which have potential for food diversification. In this context, urban agriculture has been pointed out as a considerable strategy to alleviate problems in cities, such as those related to food, as it is a growing activity that can be integrated into food and nutrition programs, contributing to Food and Nutrition Security (FNS). In the context of urban agriculture, despite the fragile recognition and appreciation, species of NUS can contribute to improving the nutritional quality of many families' diets. Therefore, this study sought to systematize information on urban agriculture and the availability of NUS in the city of Salvador, Brazil, considering the contribution of urban gardens and these species to the promotion of FNS. The work was developed through two activity axes: conducting a literature review, covering content related to the current dietary pattern of Brazilians, nutritional value and contribution of the NUS to the promotion of FNS, and a diagnostic study with field research in the city's urban gardens, including on-site visits for interviews with farmers and identification of NUS species. The bibliographic survey revealed that the NUS are rich in nutrients and can play an important role in the perpetuation of healthier eating habits, and that the incorporation of these vegetables in food policies and programs is an important strategy for promoting FNS. In the diagnostic study, 18 active gardens were located, of which 17 participated in the study: 8 community-based (UCG) and 9 private (UPG). Respondents had a mean age of 55.76 years, the majority (52.9%) were male and worked in UPGs (88.9%). Most of the gardens had been in operation for at least 13 years, the oldest being in operation for 67 years. For 52.9% of gardeners, work in the gardens was the main source of income. Cultivated food was consumed by 82.4% of the gardeners, but it was mainly destined for commercialization (carried out by 70.6% of the gardens) and, to a lesser extent, for donation (done by 47.1% of them). The production was sold through different channels, such as in the garden itself, in open markets and in small markets. Among the foods grown for sale, 16 types of vegetables and 14 types of fruits were mentioned. In the gardens, 59 types of NUS were found, which, for the most part, were born spontaneously. Out of those interviewed, 76.5%, mostly women, said they used 19 of these species in a range of culinary preparations, highlighting the use of Coleus amboinicus Lour., Eryngium foetidum L., Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. and Pereskia aculeata Mill. The results showed that the gardens have been promoting work and income for families and contributing to the food supply. Other than producing fresh food for the population, including species of NUS, the activity contributes to the balance of ecosystems and sustainable development. The findings reaffirm urban gardens as relevant spaces that should be included in public policies in order to promote FNS.