Território goiamunzeiro livre: a pesca artesanal do guaiamum na RESEX de Canavieiras (BA), conflitos territoriais e resistências.

Abstract

Fishing for guaiamum, Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1828, is an artisanal and historical practice carried out by traditional populations of artisanal fishermen, especially in northeastern Brazil, including the populations of the fishing territory of the Canavieiras Extractive Reserve (RESEX) (BA). This crustacean was included in the Red Book of Brazilian Fauna Threatened with Extinction and, in 2014, was considered “Critically Endangered” (CR), status changed to “Vulnerable” (VU) in 2022. Aiming to propose conservation measures for the species, Interministerial Ordinance SEAP-PR/MMA No. 38/2018 was published, a document that defines rules for the sustainable use and recovery of guaiamum stocks. However, the ordinance disregarded the impact of habitat degradation and loss, which led to the threat to the species, while imposing capture/fishing as an environmental crime, with an exception for conservation units or managed areas that have a formally established Local Management Plan (PGL), which requires, among other measures, constant monitoring of fishing production. This situation has triggered socio-environmental conflicts, since the ordinance does not contain any measures that affect the use of fishing territory (animal habitat) by large enterprises, such as shrimp farms. Among the references adopted, the contributions of Catia Antonia da Silva (2014; 2015; 2017) endorse the understanding of the dialectic of domination, as well as the process of resistance and insurgency led by artisanal fishermen, in the face of the different “faces of modernization”: degradation, overexploitation and restriction of access and expropriation of lands that affect fishing territories (De Paula & Suertegaray, 2018). This research was developed based on qualitative methodologies, in order to analyze and reflect on the public policy of management and handling of artisanal fishing, with an emphasis on the process of construction of the PGL of guaiamum in the Canavieiras Extractive Reserve (BA), its contradictions and possibilities. The bibliographic survey, field dialogues, participation in meetings of fishermen and women and management spaces of the RESEX, and mapping of fishing territories were methodologies developed and accumulated in the process of elaborating the PGL and which sought to address the coloniality of being, knowledge and nature. The use of free text software, editing of tables and creation of maps supported the best theorization about the problem.